Systems and methods for dynamic business decision making

ABSTRACT

A system comprises one or more modules to access a business rule, deconstruct the business rule into a condition and an associated action, determine a set of questions relevant to the condition, place the set of questions into a question queue, order the question queue, and present the question queue to a user. A system comprises one or more modules to determine a subject of the request received from a user, use the subject to obtain a set of relevant questions, examiner each question and determine whether an answer to a current question is available in a storage area, and present the current question when the answer is not available. A system comprises one or more modules to access a decision tree, determine a current node, determine an estimated number of nodes between the current node and a leaf node, and present a representation using the estimated number of nodes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Various embodiments described herein relate generally to computersystems, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to systemsand methods for dynamic business decision making.

BACKGROUND

Wide-area networks, including world-wide networks, such as the Internet,have become essential tools for personal and business use. As consumerscontinue to gain familiarity and comfort using online tools, such asInternet browsers, email, and real-time communication tools, businesscan continue to expand services. For example, using the Internet tosupplement traditionally human-supplied services, such as customersupport and order processing, businesses can provide goods and servicesat lower costs and consumers can gain certain advantages, such as24-hour accessibility or multi-lingual capabilities. As technologyincreases in complexity, more intelligent systems become possible.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods for dynamic business decision making are described.In an embodiment, a system comprises a first module configured to accessa business rule; a second module configured to deconstruct the businessrule into a condition and an associated action; a third moduleconfigured to determine a set of questions relevant to the condition; afourth module configured to place the set of questions into a questionqueue; a fifth module configured to order the question queue; and asixth module configured to present the question queue to a user.

In an embodiment, a system comprises a first module configured toreceive a request from a user; a second module configured to determine asubject of the request; a third module configured to use the subject toobtain a set of relevant questions; a fourth module configured todetermine, for each question in the set of relevant questions, whetheran answer to a current question is available in a storage area; and afifth module configured to present the current question to the user whenthe answer to the current question is not available in the storage area.

In an embodiment, a system comprises a first module configured to accessa decision tree, wherein the decision tree is organized using a firstquestion as a root node and a plurality of terminal questions as leafnodes; a second module configured to determine a current node of thedecision tree, wherein the current node corresponds with a currentquestion being presented to a user in a user-interface; a third moduleconfigured to determine an estimated number of nodes between the currentnode and a leaf node; and a fourth module configured to present arepresentation using the estimated number of nodes in theuser-interface. Other embodiments are described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a computer network system according tovarious embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of processing modules of the online documentsystem shown in FIG. 1 according to various embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of processing modules of the online documentsystem shown in FIG. 1 according to various embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of processing modules of the online documentsystem shown in FIG. 1 according to various embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a machine in the example form ofa computer system, within which a set or sequence of instructions forcausing the machine to perform any one of the methodologies discussedherein may be executed, according to various embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description includes references to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description.The drawings show, by way of illustration, example embodiments. Theseembodiments, which are also referred to herein as “examples,” aredescribed in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art topractice aspects of the inventive subject matter.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one. In this document, the term“or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, unless otherwise indicated.

System Overview

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a computer network system 100 according tovarious embodiments. The computer network system 100 includes a businessdecision management system 102 and a client computer 104,communicatively coupled via a network 106. In an embodiment, thebusiness decision management system 102 includes a web server 108, anapplication server 110, a messaging server 112, a database managementserver 114, which is used to manage at least a decision managementdatabase 116, and a file server 118. The business decision managementsystem 102 may be implemented as a distributed system, for example oneor more elements of the business decision management system 102 may belocated across a wide-area network from other elements of the businessdecision management system 102. As another example, a server (e.g., webserver 108, file server 118, database management server 114) mayrepresent a group of two or more servers, cooperating with each other,in providing a pooled, distributed, or redundant computing model.

The network 106 may include local-area networks (LAN), wide-areanetworks (WAN), wireless networks (e.g., 802.11 or cellular network),the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) network, ad hoc networks,personal area networks (e.g., Bluetooth) or other combinations orpermutations of network protocols and network types. The network 106 mayinclude a single local area network (LAN) or wide-area network (WAN), orcombinations of LAN's or WAN's, such as the Internet. The variousdevices coupled to the network 106 may be coupled to the network 106 viaone or more wired or wireless connections.

The web server 108 may communicate with the file server 118 to publishor serve files stored on the file server 118. The web server 108 mayalso communicate or interface with the application server 110 to enableweb-based presentation of information. For example, the applicationserver 110 may consist of scripts, applications, or library files thatprovide primary or auxiliary functionality to the web server 108 (e.g.,multimedia, file transfer, or dynamic interface functions). In addition,the application server 110 may also provide some or the entire interfacefor the web server 108 to communicate with one or more of the otherservers in the decision management system 102, e.g., the messagingserver 112 or the database management server 114.

The application server 110 may also include a business rules applicationplatform to create, manage, and administer business rules. The businessrules application platform may include commercial packages, such asORACLE BUSINESS RULES of ORACLE CORP. of Redwood Shores, Calif.

The decision management database 116 may include data to manage businessrules, manage question templates, manage decision trees, or manageusers' answers or other user data. The document management database 116may be implemented as a relational database, a centralized database, adistributed database, an object oriented database, or a flat database invarious embodiments.

In an embodiment, a user (not shown) at a client computer 104 mayinterface with the decision management system 102, such as by using theweb server 108, to initiate an activity. The activity may includefinancial activities (e.g., loan approval or pre-approval, insurancecoverage or changes, investment account changes, or banking services).The activity may also include other types of customer relationsactivities, such as order processing, account activation, accountaccess, routine security checks, or surveys. The user may be presentedone or more questions with relevant options for answers usinguser-interface elements, such as drop down lists, check boxes, radiobuttons, text input fields, or the like. The user-interface may beimplemented using a variety of programming languages or programmingmethods, such as HTML, VBScript, JavaScript, XML, XSLT, AJAX, Java, andSwing.

In various embodiments, the decision management system 102 may use abusiness rule, which may be defined using the application server 110, todevelop a set of relevant questions to query a user and obtaininformation needed to resolve the business rule. FIGS. 2 and 3 generallydescribe systems and processes that may perform such tasks. In someembodiments, processes are implemented as instructions oncomputer-readable medium.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of processing modules 200 of the decisionmanagement system 102 shown in FIG. 1, according to various embodiments.The processing modules 200 include a first module 202 to access abusiness rule, a second module 204 to deconstruct the business rule intoa condition and an associated action, a third module 206 to determine aset of questions relevant to the condition, a fourth module 208 to placethe set of questions into a question queue, a fifth module 210 to orderthe question queue, and a sixth module 212 to present the question queueto a user.

The first module 202 accesses a business rule. In an embodiment, thebusiness rule is accessed via the application server 110. For example, auser (e.g., a business rules administrator) may use a softwareapplication to define and manage business rules. In general, a businessrule may be constructed using one or more conditions and one or moreresulting actions. For example, in an insurance underwriting context, abusiness rule may be “if applicant_age>18 and applicant_smoker=no, thenpre-approve=true”. This example includes a compound condition (e.g., theapplicant's age must be over eighteen and the applicant must be anon-smoker), which must evaluate to TRUE for the resulting condition tooccur (e.g., the applicant is pre-approved for insurance). Businessrules may vary in complexity. For example, rules may be dependent oneach other, rules may be nested, or rules may use advanced comparisonoperations, such as selection from lists, sub-string searches, orregular expression tests.

The second module 204 deconstructs the business rule into a conditionand an associated action. In an embodiment, the condition comprises acompound condition. One or more conditional statements may be used todescribe a business rule (e.g. if-then constructs, if-then-elseconstructs, if-then-elseif constructs, switch or case constructs, or thelike). The business rule may be deconstructed into several conditionsand/or several associated actions.

The third module 206 determines a set of questions relevant to thecondition. As a continuing example, a question relevant to the businessrule illustrated above may be “How old are you?” or “Are you over theage of 18?” Additional questions may be “Are you a smoker?” or “Have youever smoked or used tobacco products?” How the question is phrased maybe determined by several factors, such as an anticipated use of theinformation in the future, for example, a more general question of “Howold are you?” or “What is your birth date?” may result in more usefulinformation that can be reused as opposed to a simpler question of “Areyou over the age of 18? In addition, the question may be phrased in aparticular way to reflect a business policy or risk policy. In theexample illustrated, the underwriters may wish to know whether theapplicant has ever used a tobacco product as that may provide moreinsight on the applicant's insurability than if they are a currentsmoker, or vice versa.

The fourth module 208 places the set of questions into a question queue.The question queue may be a list of questions (e.g., a text file) or anorganization of structured data (e.g., a table in a database). Thequestion queue may be implemented in computer memory, such as by using aprogrammed data structure (e.g., a linked list, queue, array, tree, orother such data structure). As an example, a business rule may contain aconditional statement that is deconstructed into five conditions by thesecond module 204 and translated to five questions by the third module206. Each question may then be stored in a question queue implemented asa linked list by the fourth module.

The fifth module 210 orders the question queue. In an embodiment, thefifth module is configured to order the question queue using adependency between a first question and a second question in thequestion queue. For example, dependencies may be based on business rulesor policies, organizational rules, logical progression, or questionscope. As an example, if a particular type of insurance is only offeredto senior citizens (e.g., people age 65 and older) then other questionsassociated with additional conditions in a business rule may beinapplicable once the applicant's age is determined. Thus, an inherentdependency may exist in a business rule when represented as a compoundconjunctive Boolean statement. As an alternative example, in a compounddisjunctive Boolean statement, fewer or no dependencies may be present.Other types of dependencies may be used, alone or in combination withdependencies described, to order the question queue. In an embodiment,the fifth module is configured to order the question queue by orderingquestions from a generally broadest scope to a generally narrowestscope. For example, when screening applicants for an insurance or otherfinancial product, questions may be ordered in such a manner to disposeof unqualified applicants in the most efficient manner (e.g., presentingquestions that may disqualify the largest pool of typical applicantsbefore presenting other questions).

The sixth module 212 presents the question queue to a user. Thequestions in the question queue may be presented one at a time (e.g.,from the beginning of the queue and moving toward the end) or more thanone at a time. For example, when separate lines of questions may bedetermined from all the questions in the question queue, multiplequestions may be presented to make the inquiry process more efficient.As an example, if the questions in a question queue include questionsrelated to both an applicant's residence and an applicant's priordriving record, with several questions associated with each topic, thesixth module 212 may present non-dependent questions for each topic to auser at the same time.

In a further embodiment, processing modules 200 may include a seventhmodule to receive a response from the user, an eighth module todetermine a subsequent question using the response, and a ninth moduleto present the subsequent question. After a user answers a question, theprocessing modules 200 may validate the answer (e.g., performing aconstraint check, a sanity check, or checks based on business rules orexpected replies). The eighth module may then obtain the next questionfrom the question queue. As described above, the next question may bedependent on the question asked. In such a case, the business rule(conditional statement) may be evaluated after each question ispresented and answered. This type of operation may short-circuit theevaluation process and make the resulting decision available to the userquicker.

In a further embodiment, processing modules 200 may include a tenthmodule to store the question queue and an eleventh module to display thequestion queue using a tree graph representation. For example, a treegraph representation may incorporate each question as a node in thegraph and the possible answers for each question as edges connectingnodes. If there are dependent questions (nodes) then they may berepresented as descendent nodes connected by a particular edge thatrepresents the answer to the ancestor node that would navigate a user tothat particular question in the descendent node. In an embodiment, thetree graph representation comprises a plurality of tree graphs. Forexample, when there are multiple independent groups of questions, thenthese questions may be represented separately.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method 300 according to variousembodiments. At 302, a business rule is accessed. At 304, the businessrule is deconstructed into a condition and an associated action. In anembodiment, the condition comprises a compound condition. At 306, a setof questions relevant to the condition is determined. At 308, the set ofquestions is placed into a question queue. At 310, the question queue isordered. In an embodiment, the question queue is ordered using adependency between a first question and a second question in thequestion queue. In an embodiment, the question queue is ordered from agenerally broadest scope to a generally narrowest scope. At 312, thequestion queue is presented to a user. In a further embodiment, aresponse is received from the user, a subsequent question is determinedusing the response, and the subsequent question is presented to theuser. In a further embodiment, the question queue is stored and thendisplayed using a tree graph representation. In an embodiment, the treegraph representation comprises a plurality of tree graphs.

In various embodiments, the decision management system 102 may use adecision tree that reflects a business rule when presenting questions toa user. FIGS. 4 and 5 generally describe systems and processes that mayperform such tasks. In some embodiments, processes are implemented asinstructions on computer-readable medium.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of processing modules 400 of the decisionmanagement system 102 shown in FIG. 1, according to various embodiments.The processing modules 400 include a first module 402 to receive arequest from a user, a second module 404 to determine a subject of therequest, a third module 406 to use the subject to obtain a set ofrelevant questions, a fourth module 408 to determine, for each questionin the set of questions, whether an answer to a current question isavailable in a storage area, and a fifth module 410 to present thecurrent question to the user when the answer to the current question isnot available in the storage area.

The first module 402 receives a request a request from a user. As anillustrative example, a user may interface with the business decisionmanagement system 102 using a client computer 104. A web page, or otherdynamic content, may be presented to the user, for example, via the webserver 108, application server 110, database management server 114, orfile server 118, either alone or in combination. The user may bepresented with pre-formed questions (e.g., using a dropdown list) or maybe enabled to enter a question of their own (e.g., using a text inputfield).

The second module 404 determines a subject of the request. Byappropriately parsing a submitted question, the second module 404 mayextract the subject of the request. For example, a request of “I wouldlike to add my daughter to my health insurance?” may be reduced to asubject of “adding a minor to a health insurance policy.” In variousexamples, the request may be a statement reflecting an intent ordirective of a user or a question from the user. In some cases, theremay be more than one subject in a request or more than one requestcontaining at least one subject. For example, the request may contain “Iwould like to add my daughter as a beneficiary to my life insurance andincrease my policy to $100,000.” Here, the two subjects may berepresented as “adding a beneficiary to a life insurance policy” and“changing the coverage of a life insurance policy.” In such cases, thesecond module 404 may attempt to determine priority of requests or maysimply query the user which request they would like to address first. Inother examples, the second module 404 may continue processing eachrequest-subject pair and make them accessible to the subsequent modulesdescribed below.

The third module 406 uses the subject to obtain a set of relevantquestions. As an example, a subject of a request may be related to abusiness rule. To continue the previous example related to healthinsurance, a business rule may exist that can be represented as: “ifhealth_insurance_plan=family_policy, then dependent_coverage”. Otherbusiness rules may also exist that reflect the type of policies andtheir permitted use, the number of dependents in a family health policy,permitted previous health conditions and other conditions for coverage,and the like. To derive an appropriate set of relevant questions, thethird module 406 may use related business rules to determine whatinformation is needed to resolve the business decisions reflected in therelated business rules. For example, in this situation, the type ofpolicy that the policy-holder currently has is an important piece ofinformation to ascertain. According to other business rules, the age ofthe person being added, their prior health history, their current healthstatus, and other factors may be needed to fully assess the potentialbeneficiary before coverage may be offered. In an embodiment, the set ofrelevant questions is organized as a decision tree. For example, in somesituations, such as in an insurance policy approval process, someanswers may preclude others from being used or asked. The dependencybetween questions may be represented as a tree, where each node in thetree represents a question or a terminal state and each edge representsan answer to an ancestor question node to a descendent question node ora descendent terminal node. Terminal nodes (leaf nodes) may represent afinal disposition of an initial query, which may be positioned as theroot node.

The fourth module 408 determines, for each question in the set ofquestions, whether an answer to a current question is available in astorage area. The determination may be performed in a batch mode, forexample, to obtain available answers for every relevant question, or ina series mode, obtaining answers to questions just prior to the questionbeing presented (e.g., using the fifth module 410). Each mode may bemore efficient or more practical than the other depending on thesituation. For example, using the batch mode may only require using asingle database connection. Once the data is retrieved, the databaseconnection may be closed and any memory structures may be freed orreleased. On the other hand, in a series of questions, it may be fasterto query a database for each question presented as needed than it wouldbe to obtain results for every possible question to be presented. Thedesign of the access and retrieval may also be a hybrid and use networkresponse conditions, user experience, network load, system load,processor performance, or other metrics to automatically orsemi-automatically shift from one mode to the other.

The fifth module 410 presents the current question to the user when theanswer to the current question is not available in the storage area. Inan example, the current question is retrieved from a data store (e.g.,the decision management database 116). The question may be stored usingan index or other identifier. The question may be formatted using astandardized interface language (e.g., eXtensible Markup Language(XML)). For example, a question may be formatted using XML and includethe question string in a <question> block and the format of the answerinput (e.g., radio button, check box, text input field, dropdown list,or the like) with associated labels or values in an <answer> block.Using a standardize interface language to store questions in a formattedmanner may have advantages, such as cross-platform compatibility ordynamic implementation at the presentation layer.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 400 include a sixthmodule to receive a response to the current question from the user and aseventh module configured to store the response in the storage area asthe answer to the current question. As questions are presented andanswered, the answers may be stored for later reference. In doing so,during later requests, the business decision management system 102 mayperform fewer user-interrogations before ascertaining a finaldisposition of a user request.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 400 include an eighthmodule configured to present a subsequent question to the user when theanswer to the current question is available in the storage area.Skipping over questions where the answers are already available gainsefficiencies in several ways—for example, the user is not burdenedanswering the same question for different requests and the system is notburdened by having to present redundant questions. In some cases, whenthe answer is found to be available in the storage area, the user may bepresented with the stored answer and an opportunity to confirm or modifythe stored answer to correct or discard it. For example, as a laterstep, the user may be presented with a summary page of informationeither asked contemporaneously or retrieved from storage to be used todetermine the final disposition of the request.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 400 include a ninthmodule configured to use a set of answers corresponding to the set ofrelevant questions to resolve the request. For example, after theanswers are obtained or retrieved, the conditional statement in theassociated business rule may be evaluated. In an embodiment, the requestis related to an underwriting decision. For example, the request may berelated to life insurance, health insurance, car insurance, or othertypes of insurance products. The request may be related to adding orremoving beneficiaries, modifying coverage amounts, changing the term(e.g., in a term life policy), adding or removing a vehicle or coverageon a vehicle, or the like.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 400 include a tenthmodule to present a subsequent question to the user by traversing thedecision tree, when the answer to the current question is available inthe storage area.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method 500 according to variousembodiments. At 502, a request is received from a user. At 504, asubject of the request is determined. At 506, the subject is used toobtain a set of relevant questions. In an embodiment, the set ofrelevant questions is organized as a decision tree. For each question inthe set of relevant questions, at 508, whether an answer to a currentquestion is available in a storage area is determined and if not, thenat 510 the current question is presented to the user. In a furtherembodiment, a response to the current question is received from the userand the response is stored in a storage area as the answer to thecurrent question. In a further embodiment, a subsequent question ispresented to the user when the answer to the current question isavailable in the storage area. In a further embodiment, a set of answerscorresponding to the set of relevant question is used to resolve therequest. In an embodiment, the request is related to an underwritingdecision. In a further embodiment, a subsequent question is presented tothe user by traversing the decision tree, when the answer to the currentquestion is available in the storage area.

Embodiments using examples of insurance are described, however, systemsand methods described herein may be used to dynamically presentquestions associated with business rules related to any type ofbusiness, such as banking services, financial services, customerservice, technical support, or other decision support systems.

While FIGS. 2-5 illustrate embodiments in which a user may interact witha decision management system 102, FIGS. 6 and 7 generally describesystems and processes that provide an indication of progression throughan automated or semi-automated process, such as those described above.In some embodiments, processes are implemented as instructions oncomputer-readable medium.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of processing modules 600 of the decisionmanagement system 102 shown in FIG. 1, according to various embodiments.The processing modules 600 include a first module 602 to access adecision tree, a second module 604 to determine a current node of thedecision tree, a third module 606 to determine an estimated number ofnodes between the current node and a leaf node, and a fourth module 608to present a representation using the estimated number of nodes in theuser-interface.

The first module 602 accesses a decision tree. In an embodiment, thedecision tree is organized using a first question as a root node and aplurality of terminal questions as leaf nodes. A terminal question, inan example, may be the last question in a series of related questions.

The second module 604 determines a current node of the decision tree. Inan example, the default node used is the root node. In an embodiment,the current node corresponds with a current question being presented toa user in a user-interface.

The third module 606 determines an estimated number of nodes between thecurrent node and a leaf node. For example, a tree traversal process maybe used (e.g., breadth-first or depth-first traversal) and a record maybe kept of the deepest leaf node (e.g., the leaf node farthest from thecurrent node or the root node).

In an embodiment, the third module is further configured to determinethe estimated number of nodes between the current node and the leaf nodeby: determining a maximum number of edges to a farthest node from thecurrent node; determining a minimum number of edges to a nearest nodefrom the current node; and averaging the maximum and minimum number ofedges. The farthest node may be a terminal node. In an example, thefarthest node is the farthest node in a particular branch of thedecision tree where the root of the branch is defined by the currentnode.

In an embodiment, the third module is further configured to determinethe estimated number of nodes between the current node and the leaf nodeby: determining a most probabilistic path from the current node to amost probabilistic leaf node; and counting the number of edges betweenthe current node and the most probabilistic leaf node.

The most probabilistic path may be determined by analyzing previous userresponses to determine a most likely answer to each node (question) inthe decision tree and obtaining a most likely path through the tree froma given node. In an embodiment, the third module is further configuredto determine the most probabilistic path by: accessing a database ofuser responses to the question corresponding to the current node;determining a most popular response; traversing the decision tree usingthe most popular response; and performing the accessing, determining,and traversing on subsequent interior nodes until a leaf node isreached.

Other information may be used to determine the probability of an answerfor a given question (node), such as demographic data of the user. Forexample, it may be determined that a user of a particular age with aparticular income may be more or less likely to be interested in aparticular investment product (e.g., an aggressive mutual fund versus aconservative money market account). In an embodiment, the third moduleis further configured to determine the most probabilistic path by:accessing a database of demographic data; determining a most likelyresponse using the demographic data; traversing the decision tree usingthe most likely response; and performing the accessing, determining, andtraversing on subsequent interior nodes until a leaf node is reached.

The fourth module 608 presents a representation using the estimatednumber of nodes in the user-interface. The representation may includethe number of node already visited along with the number of estimatednodes. In such a presentation, the user would be aware of how many stepsthey have completed with an estimate of how many steps remain in acurrent interview.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 600 include a fifthmodule to traverse the decision tree to a subsequent node after thecurrent question is answered, a sixth module to increment a counterrepresenting the number of nodes visited, and a seventh module todecrement a counter representing an estimated number of nodes remaining.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 600 include a module totraverse the decision tree to a subsequent node using data from a datasource, a module to increment a counter representing the number of nodesvisited, and a module to decrement a counter representing an estimatednumber of nodes remaining. As a user answers additional questions, thenumber of nodes visited will increase linearly and similarly, the numberof nodes remaining may decrease linearly. However, this may not be so ina practice as the user moves through the decision tree. For example,after a user answers a particular question associated with a node, alarger branch of possible nodes may be avoided when a particular answeris obtained, leaving the user with a smaller branch of possible nodesand resulting in a reduced number of possible steps remaining in theinterview. To address this type of situation where a user's answeraffects changes the topology of the decision tree that may besubsequently visited, the following embodiments are described.

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 600 include an eighthmodule to traverse the decision tree to a subsequent node using datafrom a data source, and a ninth module to determine an estimated numberof nodes between the subsequent node and a leaf node. For example, whena user's data is already available in the business decision managementsystem 102, the question need not be presented and an answer need not bereceived from the user. The traversal of the decision tree may beaccomplished without user assistance (automatically).

In a further embodiment, the processing modules 600 include a module totraverse the decision tree to a subsequent node after the currentquestion is answered, and a module to determine an estimated number ofnodes between the subsequent node and a leaf node.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method 700 according to variousembodiments. At 702, a decision tree is accessed. In an embodiment, thedecision tree is organized using a first question as a root node and aplurality of terminal questions as leaf nodes. At 704, a current node ofthe decision tree is determined. In an embodiment, the current nodecorresponds with a current question being presented to a user in auser-interface. At 706, an estimated number of nodes between the currentnode and a leaf node are determined.

In an embodiment, determining the estimated number of nodes between thecurrent node and the leaf node comprises: determining a maximum numberof edges to a farthest node from the current node; determining a minimumnumber of edges to a nearest node from the current node; and averagingthe maximum and minimum number of edges.

In an embodiment, determining the estimated number of nodes between thecurrent node and the leaf node comprises: determining a mostprobabilistic path from the current node to a most probabilistic leafnode; and counting the number of edges between the current node and themost probabilistic leaf node.

In an embodiment, determining the most probabilistic path comprises:accessing a database of user responses to the question corresponding tothe current node; determining a most popular response; traversing thedecision tree using the most popular response; and performing theaccessing, determining, and traversing on subsequent interior nodesuntil a leaf node is reached.

In an embodiment, determining the most probabilistic path comprises:accessing a database of demographic data; determining a most likelyresponse using the demographic data; traversing the decision tree usingthe most likely response; and performing the accessing, determining, andtraversing on subsequent interior nodes until a leaf node is reached.

At 708, a representation using the estimated number of nodes in theuser-interface is presented.

In a further embodiment, the decision tree is traversed to a subsequentnode after the current question is answered, a counter representing thenumber of nodes visited is incremented, and a counter representing anestimated number of nodes remaining is decremented.

In a further embodiment, the decision tree is traversed to a subsequentnode using data from a data source, a counter representing the number ofnodes visited is incremented, and a counter representing an estimatednumber of nodes remaining is decremented.

In a further embodiment, the decision tree is traversed to a subsequentnode using data from a data source and an estimated number of nodesbetween the subsequent node and a leaf node is determined.

In a further embodiment, the decision tree is traversed to a subsequentnode after the current question is answered and an estimated number ofnodes between the subsequent node and a leaf node is determined.

Hardware and Software Platform

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a machine in the example form ofa computer system 800, within which a set or sequence of instructionsfor causing the machine to perform any one of the methodologiesdiscussed herein may be executed, according to various embodiments. Inalternative embodiments, the machine may comprise a computer, a networkrouter, a network switch, a network bridge, Personal Digital Assistant(PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, set-top box (STB) or anymachine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specifyactions to be taken by that machine.

The computer system 800 includes a processor 802, a main memory 804 anda static memory 806, which communicate with each other via a bus 808.The computer system 800 may further include a video display unit 810(e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). Thecomputer system 800 also includes an alphanumeric input device 812(e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 814 (e.g., a mouse), a diskdrive unit 816, a signal generation device 818 (e.g., a speaker) and anetwork interface device 820 to interface the computer system to anetwork 822.

The disk drive unit 816 includes a machine-readable medium 824 on whichis stored a set of instructions or software 826 embodying any one, orall, of the methodologies described herein. The software 826 is alsoshown to reside, completely or at least partially, within the mainmemory 804 and/or within the processor 802. The software 826 may furtherbe transmitted or received via the network interface device 820.

For the purposes of this specification, the term “machine-readablemedium” or “computer-readable medium” shall be taken to include anymedium which is capable of storing or encoding a sequence ofinstructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine toperform any one of the methodologies. The terms “machine-readablemedium” or “computer-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken toinclude, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical andmagnetic disks, and other temporary, transient, or permanent storagemeans, such an executable streaming downloadable program. Further, itwill be appreciated that the software could be distributed acrossmultiple machines or storage media, which may include themachine-readable medium.

Method embodiments described herein may be computer-implemented. Someembodiments may include computer-readable media encoded with a computerprogram (e.g., software), which includes instructions operable to causean electronic device to perform methods of various embodiments. Asoftware implementation (or computer-implemented method) may includemicrocode, assembly language code, or a higher-level language code,which further may include computer-readable instructions for performingvarious methods. The code may form portions of computer programproducts. Further, the code may be tangibly stored on one or morevolatile or non-volatile computer-readable media during execution or atother times. These computer-readable media may include, but are notlimited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable opticaldisks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes,memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAM's), read onlymemories (ROM's), and the like.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely forconvenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of thisapplication to any single invention or inventive concept, if more thanone is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have beenillustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achievethe same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown.This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations orvariations of various embodiments. Combinations of the aboveembodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein,will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the abovedescription. For example, one module may be implemented as multiplelogical modules, or several modules may be implemented as a singlelogical module. As another example, modules labeled as “first,”“second,” and “third,” etc., may be implemented in a single module, orin some combination of modules, as would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art.

In the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are groupedtogether in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining thedisclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted asreflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the inventionrequire more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather,as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in lessthan all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the followingclaims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with eachclaim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment.

In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used asthe plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and“wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and“comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, orprocess that includes elements in addition to those listed after such aterm in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim.Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and“third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to imposenumerical requirements on their objects.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), whichrequires that it allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of thetechnical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that itwill not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of theclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumincluding instructions that, when performed by a computer, cause thecomputer to: access at least one underwriting business rule related tothe determined subject, wherein the at least one underwriting businessrule includes a conditional statement for the associated financialunderwriting action and determines what information is required toresolve a underwriting business decision; deconstruct the at least oneunderwriting business rule into a compound condition and the associatedfinancial underwriting action, wherein the compound condition includesat least two conditions that must be true to perform the associatedfinancial underwriting action; determine a set of questions relevant tothe compound condition, including determining a phrasing of eachquestion within the set of questions based on an anticipated use ofinformation gathered from the set of questions wherein the anticipateduse is related to the associated financial underwriting action; placethe set of questions into a question queue; order the question queue,wherein the order includes presenting a disqualifying question withinthe set of questions prior to presenting the remaining questions withinthe set of questions; organize a decision tree based on the order of thequestion queue; access the decision tree, wherein the decision treeincludes a number of nodes and the nodes represent the set of questions,including a first question as a root node and a plurality of terminalquestions as leaf nodes; determine a current node of the decision tree,wherein the current node corresponds with a current question presentedto the user; determine an estimated number of nodes between the currentnode and a leaf node to present to the user, wherein instructions todetermine the estimated number of nodes between the current node and theleaf node is determined by a most probabilistic path from the currentnode to a most probabilistic leaf node and counts the number of edgesbetween the current node and the most probabilistic leaf node; andvalidate a response to the current question from the user.
 2. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, further comprisinginstructions that cause the computer to: receive a response from theuser; determine a subsequent question using the response; and presentthe subsequent question.
 3. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 1, wherein ordering the question queue uses a dependencybetween a first question and a second question in the question queue. 4.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein orderingthe question queue comprises ordering questions from a generallybroadest scope to a generally narrowest scope.
 5. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising instructionsthat cause the computer to: store the question queue; and display thequestion queue using a tree graph representation.
 6. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the tree graphrepresentation comprises a plurality of tree graphs.